2.1 Describe possible causes of bipolar disorder

This guide will help you answer 2.1 Describe possible causes of bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that impacts a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and behaviour. It causes episodes of extreme mood swings, including depressive and manic (or hypomanic) episodes. Researchers and healthcare professionals identify several possible causes of this condition. These causes can vary from person to person, and it is important for support workers to understand the factors that contribute to bipolar disorder. Below, we will describe the potential causes.

Family History and Genetics

Genetics play an important role in the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder. If a person has a close family member, such as a parent or sibling, with bipolar disorder, they have a higher risk of experiencing the condition themselves.

Studies of identical twins show that if one twin has bipolar disorder, the other twin is more likely to develop it compared to non-identical twins. This suggests that certain genes may make a person more prone to bipolar disorder. Researchers are still studying which specific genes are involved, but it is believed that a combination of genetic factors contributes to the condition rather than a single “bipolar disorder gene.”

While genetics increase a person’s susceptibility, not everyone with a family history of bipolar disorder will experience it. Environmental and lifestyle factors can also influence whether symptoms appear.

Brain Structure and Function

Differences in the structure and function of the brain may be associated with bipolar disorder. Advanced brain imaging techniques show that some people with bipolar disorder have changes in areas of the brain involved in mood regulation. For example, the prefrontal cortex—a region that helps control emotions, decision-making, and self-regulation—may function differently in people with bipolar disorder.

Imbalances in neurotransmitters, which are chemicals in the brain that transmit signals between nerve cells, could also play a role. Neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine affect mood and energy levels. When these chemicals are not properly balanced, it can lead to the extreme mood swings seen in bipolar disorder.

Stress and Traumatic Events

Intense stress or trauma can trigger episodes of bipolar disorder, particularly in those who are already genetically or biologically vulnerable. Stressful life events might include:

• Losing a loved one
• Experiencing abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual)
• Financial difficulties
• Divorce or relationship breakdowns
• Losing a job

These events may act as “triggers” for the initial onset of bipolar symptoms. They can also exacerbate existing symptoms in someone who already has a diagnosis. The connection between stress and bipolar disorder highlights the importance of managing stress levels and seeking support during difficult life periods.

Hormonal Changes

Hormonal fluctuations may influence mental health, including bipolar disorder. For example, some women first show signs of bipolar disorder during pregnancy or after giving birth. This may be linked to sharp hormonal changes during these times. Postpartum bipolar disorder (bipolar disorder occurring after childbirth) is recognised as a condition requiring specialised care.

While hormonal changes on their own may not cause bipolar disorder, they can aggravate symptoms in people who are predisposed to the condition.

Sleep Disturbance

Sleep patterns can impact mental health and are particularly significant for individuals vulnerable to bipolar disorder. Disrupted or lack of sleep can trigger manic or depressive episodes. For example, staying awake for long periods may contribute to mania, while sleeping excessively might accompany depression.

Some researchers believe that changes to the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle, or circadian rhythm, could make a person more likely to develop bipolar disorder. Supporting consistent and healthy sleep routines can help individuals reduce the risk of symptom flare-ups.

Substance Use

Using alcohol or drugs may increase the likelihood of developing or worsening bipolar disorder. Certain substances can disrupt the balance in brain chemicals, potentially triggering mood episodes.

For some individuals, self-medicating with drugs or alcohol to cope with difficult emotions may eventually lead to the development of bipolar disorder symptoms. Substance use may also interfere with prescribed medication, making it harder to manage the condition.

Childhood Experiences

Adverse experiences in childhood, such as neglect, abuse, or witnessing domestic violence, could contribute to the development of bipolar disorder later in life. These experiences may impact brain development or emotional regulation processes, making it harder to cope with stress or negative emotions.

While not everyone with childhood trauma will develop bipolar disorder, these factors can elevate the risk in individuals who are already vulnerable.

Environmental and Social Factors

Environmental and social factors influence mental health and may play a role in bipolar disorder. Examples of such factors include:

• Living through periods of instability, such as war or economic uncertainty
• Family conflict or lack of support at home
• Major lifestyle changes, such as moving to a new country
• Experiencing prejudice, discrimination, or bullying

These environmental pressures can affect someone’s mood and well-being. In individuals prone to bipolar disorder, these factors may contribute to the onset of symptoms.

Medical Conditions and Treatments

Certain medical conditions may interact with existing vulnerabilities and trigger symptoms of bipolar disorder. Conditions like thyroid problems or neurological conditions (e.g., epilepsy) have been associated with mood irregularities.

In some cases, medications for other illnesses, such as antidepressants or steroids, may also contribute to symptoms like mania. This does not mean these medications cause bipolar disorder in everyone, but people with a genetic or biological predisposition may be more sensitive.

Conclusion

Many factors can contribute to the development of bipolar disorder. It is typically caused by a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental influences rather than a single reason. While some causes, like genetics, cannot be controlled, there are ways to reduce the impact of other factors. For example, managing stress, avoiding substance use, and maintaining good sleep hygiene can all help.

Understanding the possible causes helps support workers better recognise and respond to individuals affected by this condition. Providing empathy and practical care is essential for improving outcomes for those living with bipolar disorder.