3.4 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of different types of terminology

This guide will help you answer 3.4 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of different types of terminology.

Autism affects how a person experiences the world. The way we speak about autism shapes understanding, attitudes, and support. Words matter. In this guide, we will look closely at the different types of terminology used for autism, considering both the positive and negative aspects of each.

Clinical Terminology

Clinical terms come from healthcare, psychology, and medical fields. Examples are “Autism Spectrum Disorder” (ASD) and “Pervasive Developmental Disorder.”

Strengths of Clinical Terminology

• Provides clarity for diagnosis
• Understandable to professionals
• Widely recognised across services
• Supports access to support and resources
• Used in legal and educational settings
• Links to specific criteria (as in DSM-5 or ICD-11 manuals)

Using standard terms helps professionals communicate well about a person’s needs. It reduces confusion where different teams support the same person. Clinical language can help parents receive the right support for their children.

Limitations of Clinical Terminology

• Can sound impersonal or harsh to those labelled
• Some terms focus only on problems, not strengths
• May lead to a fixed view of the person
• Over-medicalises differences rather than viewing them as part of diversity
• Updates in terminology can cause confusion (e.g., “Asperger Syndrome” is now part of ASD)

For example, using “disorder” might make some people feel stigmatised. Professionals must recognise the human impact of this language.

Person-First Language

Person-first language puts the person before the diagnosis. Examples include “person with autism” or “individual living with autism.”

Strengths of Person-First Language

• Emphasises the person over the condition
• Aims to reduce stigma
• Seeks to promote equal treatment
• Common in health and social care practice
• Encourages others to see the whole person, not just the diagnosis

This approach helps highlight that one feature does not define someone. It supports dignity and respect in care.

Limitations of Person-First Language

• Not everyone with autism prefers it
• Can sound awkward or forced
• May unintentionally separate the person from an integral part of their identity
• Some autistic people feel it downplays how much autism shapes who they are

Many autistic advocates prefer identity-first language rather than person-first. This demonstrates the need to listen and respect personal choices.

Identity-First Language

Identity-first language puts the condition first in the description, such as “autistic person” or “autistic adult.”

Strengths of Identity-First Language

• Many autistic people prefer it
• Reflects pride and acceptance
• Recognises autism as a core part of identity
• Supports positive self-concept for some individuals
• Aligns with the social model of disability (which sees the environment, not the individual, as the barrier to inclusion)

Identity-first language opposes the idea that autism is something negative needing separation from the individual.

Limitations of Identity-First Language

• Some families or professionals see it as labelling
• Can seem exclusive if used without permission
• May not suit everyone’s viewpoint
• Could be misunderstood by those less familiar with modern discussions on disability

It is crucial to check how a person wants to be described and to respect that preference.

Neurodiversity Terminology

Neurodiversity describes the natural variety in human brains and minds. Phrases like “neurodiverse person” or “neurodivergent” highlight difference, not defect. The neurodiversity movement argues for acceptance rather than cure.

Strengths of Neurodiversity Terminology

• Focuses on difference, not disability
• Promotes acceptance and inclusion
• Builds community and pride
• Moves away from deficit thinking
• Reduces stigma in social and work settings
• Highlights strengths and unique abilities

This terminology is common in advocacy and education settings. It helps frame autism as a valuable way of experiencing the world.

Limitations of Neurodiversity Terminology

• Some people feel it underplays real challenges
• May seem vague or unclear in medical records
• Not always recognised in official documents
• Can be unfamiliar to older carers or professionals

It is important to balance celebration of difference with practical support for needs that do exist.

Historical Terminology

Terms such as “Kanner’s Syndrome” or “childhood psychosis” have been used in the past. Language like “low-functioning” or “high-functioning” is still sometimes seen.

Strengths of Historical Terminology

• Useful in understanding the development of current thinking
• Sometimes still seen in old clinical records
• May help in reviewing the history of autism research

Limitations of Historical Terminology

• Often inaccurate by modern standards
• Can be offensive or misleading
• Creates confusion in current practice
• Linked with stigma and misunderstanding

For example, “childhood psychosis” reflects outdated ideas and could cause harm if used now.

Descriptive and Functional Terminology

Some settings use terms like “verbal” or “non-verbal” autism, or refer to “support needs” instead of labels about intelligence or functioning.

Strengths of Descriptive Terminology

• Can be more precise about communication or support
• Avoids guessing ability level from a single diagnosis
• Helps adapt support to the person’s real life needs
• Moves discussion away from negative labels

Talking about “support needs” is widely accepted. It encourages a practical focus on what helps the person thrive.

Limitations of Descriptive Terminology

• Can miss wider impacts of autism
• Sometimes fails to capture strengths
• May overlook changes over time
• Requires regular review as needs can change quickly

Many people who were non-verbal as children become fluent speakers as adults. Labels must be kept up to date.

Social and Cultural Terminology

Different cultures use their own words and ideas about autism. Communities may use nicknames, metaphors, or local terms to describe autistic traits.

Strengths of Social and Cultural Terminology

• Can support inclusion in local groups
• Makes understanding accessible
• Helps challenge stigma in community settings
• Supports empowerment and advocacy within culture

People trust familiar language. It can help link autistic people and their families with local networks.

Limitations of Social and Cultural Terminology

• May encourage myths, stereotypes or misunderstandings
• Sometimes lacks accuracy for professionals
• Terms may be hard to translate for services
• Could cause offence if used insensitively

Workers must listen actively and work in partnership with families and communities.

Stigmatising Language

Negative terms and outdated ideas can be damaging. Words like “suffering from autism” or “afflicted by autism” are still heard.

Limitations of Stigmatising Language

• Reinforces negative attitudes
• Blocks opportunities for autistic people
• Increases isolation and low self-esteem
• Reduces trust in services
• May stop people asking for help

Nothing good is gained from language rooted in prejudice or pity. Training and policies should challenge harmful terms whenever possible.

The Role of Policy and Advocacy

Official guidance in the UK often shapes the language used about autism. For example, NICE guidelines, NHS communications, and charities such as the National Autistic Society recommend using respectful, up-to-date terms.

Strengths of Policy-Driven Terminology

• Sets standards for respectful language
• Encourages consistency across services
• Can influence positive attitudes in public
• Informs official documents and care plans

Limitations of Rigid Policy Language

• Risks not keeping up with personal preferences
• May ignore individual voices in favour of standard terms
• Sometimes sounds artificial or unclear to families

Policies should promote dignity and choice but keep language under review.

Practical Approaches in Using Autism Terminology

Care staff must be thoughtful in the language they choose. Best practice includes:

• Asking people and their families which terms they prefer
• Being ready to explain what terminology means
• Updating terminology as research and opinion changes
• Avoiding language that puts people down or creates shame
• Balancing formal terms with plain, respectful English

Staff training is vital so all team members speak helpfully and respectfully. Regular reviews help keep policies and practice up to date. Care workers can help shape culture by modelling good language choices.

Final Thoughts

Language matters in health and social care. Words shape attitudes, expectations, and opportunities for people with autism. There is no single best way to discuss autism; preferences vary by person, family, and culture. Listening to the voices of autistic people is key.

You should use language that respects dignity and choice. Always check preferences and avoid jargon or labels that limit people’s potential. Positive, open communication helps build trust and partnership with autistic people and their families. By staying informed and using thoughtful words, you support not just the person, but the whole community.