2.2. Explain changes that occur to the body systems during the ageing process

This guide will you answer 2.2. Explain changes that occur to the body systems during the ageing process.

As people age, their bodies go through numerous changes, affecting various systems. Understanding these changes helps to provide better care and support for older individuals. Let’s look at the key changes in different body systems.

Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood Vessels

As we age, the heart may become less efficient. The heart muscles can thicken, and the arteries may harden, a condition known as arteriosclerosis. Blood vessels become less elastic, which can increase blood pressure. These changes can lead to increased risks of heart disease and stroke.

Heart Rate

The resting heart rate may decrease. The heart’s ability to pump effectively during exercise could be reduced due to changes in the electrical system, making intense physical activity more challenging.

Respiratory System

Lung Function

Lung tissue becomes less elastic over time, which can decrease lung capacity. The strength of the muscles that assist breathing, like the diaphragm, can weaken.

Airways

Airways can become less efficient at clearing mucus, leading to an increased risk of respiratory infections. Breathing may become slightly harder, particularly during physical exertion.

Musculoskeletal System

Bones

Bones generally lose density and strength, a condition called osteoporosis. This makes fractures more likely, especially in postmenopausal women due to reduced oestrogen levels.

Joints

Cartilage, which cushions joints, can wear away. This leads to conditions like arthritis, causing pain and stiffness.

Muscles

Muscle mass tends to decrease, a process known as sarcopenia. Reduced muscle strength affects balance and increases fall risk.

Nervous System

Brain Structure

The brain shrinks slightly with age. Blood flow to the brain can also decrease, which may affect memory and cognitive functions.

Nerves

Nerve cells may break down or diminish. This can slow down reflexes and response times. Coordination and balance may become less precise.

Digestive System

Metabolism

Metabolic rate slows down, often leading to weight gain. Older individuals may require fewer calories but still need balanced nutrition.

Gastrointestinal Tract

Digestive secretions decrease. This can result in slower digestion and higher incidence of constipation. Conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may also become more prevalent.

Endocrine System

Hormonal Changes

Hormone production changes. For instance, insulin sensitivity can decrease, which might contribute to diabetes. In women, oestrogen levels drop after menopause, affecting various body functions.

Thyroid Function

Thyroid glands can become less active, impacting metabolism. This sometimes leads to conditions like hypothyroidism, where metabolism slows down.

Immune System

Immune Response

The immune system weakens. This makes older adults more susceptible to infections and takes longer to recover. Vaccinations become particularly important to prevent illness.

Inflammation

Chronic inflammation may increase, contributing to various age-related diseases. It’s essential to manage lifestyle factors like diet and exercise to mitigate this.

Urinary System

Kidney Function

Kidneys may lose some of their efficiency. They could find it harder to filter waste from the blood, impacting overall health.

Bladder Control

Bladder capacity and elasticity decline. This leads to issues like incontinence or frequent urination.

Skin and Integumentary System

Skin Changes

Skin loses elasticity and becomes thinner, leading to wrinkles. Collagen production decreases, causing skin to be more delicate.

Wound Healing

The healing process slows down, making it important to protect the skin from injuries and infections.

Sensory System

Vision

Lens of the eye stiffens, affecting focus. This is known as presbyopia. Cataracts and glaucoma are more common as well.

Hearing

Hearing loss, particularly high-frequency sounds, is typical. This condition is called presbycusis and can impact communication.

Taste and Smell

These senses diminish over time. This affects appetite and the enjoyment of food.

Reproductive System

Sexual Health

In men, testosterone levels decrease, affecting libido. Women experience menopause, marked by the end of menstruation and a host of hormonal changes.

Fertility

Both men and women experience reduced fertility. Although unlikely, conception is still possible late in life.

Final Thoughts

Ageing affects every body system in varied ways. While some changes might pose challenges, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can manage many age-related issues. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and seeking regular medical advice can all contribute to healthier ageing.