1.1 Identify behavioural, cognitive, psychosocial, and physical signs of self-harm in: • children and young people • adults

This guide will help you answer 1.1 Identify behavioural, cognitive, psychosocial, and physical signs of self-harm in: • children and young people • adults.

Self-harm involves intentionally hurting oneself. It’s a way for some to cope with emotional distress. Recognising the signs is essential in providing support and intervention. Let’s explore the behavioural, cognitive, psychosocial, and physical indicators in both children and young people, as well as adults.

Signs in Children and Young People

Behavioural Signs

Children and young people may display noticeable changes in behaviour as indicators of self-harm:

• Withdrawal from Friends and Activities: They might isolate themselves from social circles or stop participating in activities they once enjoyed.
• Secretive Behaviour: Increased secrecy about personal space or belongings can be a sign.
• Avoidance of Situations: Shying away from situations where their body might be exposed, like swimming, to hide injuries.
• Risk-Taking Behaviour: Engaging in activities that could lead to harm, such as unprotected sex or substance abuse.

Cognitive Signs

Cognitive signs refer to how a person thinks and feels:

• Negative Self-Perception: A child may express feelings of worthlessness or guilt.
• Obsessive Thoughts: Repeated thoughts about self-harm or death.
• Focus on Death or Dying: Fascination with themes of mortality.

Psychosocial Signs

These signs relate to social relationships and emotional states:

• Mood Swings: Rapid and intense changes in emotion.
• Emotional Distress: Frequent crying or overwhelming sadness and anger.
• Difficulty Communicating: Struggles to express thoughts or feelings adequately.

Physical Signs

Physical indicators of self-harm include marks or damage to the body:

• Unexplained Injuries: Cuts, bruises, or burns, particularly on the wrists, arms, thighs, or torso.
• Wearing Long Clothing: Even in warm weather, they might wear long sleeves or trousers to conceal injuries.
• Frequent Accidents: Claiming to be clumsy or having accidents more often than normal.

Signs in Adults

Behavioural Signs

Adults may exhibit different but equally telling behaviours:

• Change in Routine: Noticeable deviations from daily activities or routines.
• Avoidance: Dodging situations where scars might be visible.
• Substance Misuse: Increased use of alcohol or drugs as a form of escapism.
• Over-Working or Over-Exercising: Using work or exercise as a distraction.

Cognitive Signs

Indicators of self-harm in adult thought patterns can include:

• Persistent Negative Thoughts: Continuous self-criticism or expressions of failure.
• Rumination: Obsessing over past events or mistakes.
• Decision-Making Difficulties: Struggling to make everyday decisions due to overwhelming stress.

Psychosocial Signs

Psychosocial aspects in adults may show as:

• Relationship Strain: Conflicts or breakdowns in personal relationships.
• Emotional Instability: Frequent mood changes affecting daily life.
• Isolation: Pulling away from family, friends, and social activities.

Physical Signs

Physical signs are similar to those seen in younger individuals:

• Recurring Injuries: Marks, perhaps in patterns or specific areas.
• Refusal to Explain Injuries: Hesitation or evasiveness when asked about injuries.
• Medical Issues: Frequent visits to medical professionals for similar unexplained injuries.

Comparing Children and Adults

Commonalities

Both groups share several signs:

• Hidden Injuries: A common desire to conceal marks.
• Emotional Distress: Underlying sadness, anger, or frustration.
• Secretive Behaviour: Efforts to hide their actions or feelings.

Differences

However, there are distinctions based on age and life experiences:

• Life Stressors: Adults might self-harm due to financial pressures or relationship issues, while children often react to bullying or family discord.
• Expression: Children may lack the vocabulary to express their feelings, leading to different cognitive indicators. Adults might articulate their distress but still struggle internally.

Support and Intervention

Recognising these signs is just the first step. Seeking professional support, like contacting mental health services, is essential. Encouragement, non-judgemental listening, and ensuring a safe environment are key aspects of effective support.

Professional Help

• Therapy: Professional counselling provides a safe space to explore emotions.
• GP Consultation: A general practitioner can offer initial guidance and referrals.
• Support Groups: Connecting with others who’ve had similar experiences can be invaluable.

Creating a Supportive Environment

• Open Communication: Encourage open dialogue about feelings and experiences.
• Trust Building: Foster trust by respecting privacy and showing empathy.
• Monitor Social Interactions: Be aware of potential negative influences or pressure from peers.

Recognising these signs means being proactive. With empathy and understanding, you can make a significant difference in someone’s life.