3.1 Explain the types, purpose and function of materials and equipment needed for the administration of medication via the different routes

This guide will help you answer 3.1 Explain the types, purpose and function of materials and equipment needed for the administration of medication via the different routes.

Administering medication in health and social care requires careful use of the right materials and equipment. Each medication route needs its own supplies and protocols. The right choice and use reduces risks, keeps service users safe, and helps medication work as intended. In this guide, we will cover the main types, purposes, and functions of materials and equipment needed for each medication route. We will also look at basic principles for safe handling and offer clear examples.

Oral Medication

Oral medication is taken through the mouth and includes tablets, capsules, and liquids. This is the most common route.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Medication pots or cups
• Water jugs and cups
• Medicine spoons and oral syringes
• Pill cutters and crushers
• Blister packs and dosette boxes
• Gloves

Purpose and Function

• Medication pots or cups: Used to hold one dose at a time, helps prevent mixing and cross-contamination.
• Water jugs and cups: Used to help the service user swallow medication.
• Medicine spoons and oral syringes: Provide accurate measurement of liquids, especially for children or people who struggle with swallowing.
• Pill cutters and crushers: Used when tablets need splitting or crushing, if allowed and safe. This supports those who have difficulty swallowing whole tablets.
• Blister packs and dosette boxes: Keep medicines organised, aid those on complex medication routines, and support prompt administration.
• Gloves: Protect staff and service users from direct contact with medicines, especially when handling cytotoxic drugs. Gloves reduce the risk of allergic reactions and contamination.

Topical Medication

Topical medication is applied directly to the skin, eyes, ears, or mucous membranes.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Applicators (spatulas or cotton buds)
• Tongue depressors
• Prescribed tubes, tubs, or pump dispensers
• Dressing packs
• Sterile gauze and gloves
• Eye dropper bottles and eye bath cups

Purpose and Function

• Applicators, spatulas, cotton buds: Used to put creams or ointments on skin without touching the medication or area. This reduces infection risk.
• Tongue depressors: Sometimes used for applying oral gels.
• Tubes, tubs, or pumps: Provide storage for medication and dispense set amounts.
• Dressing packs and sterile gauze: Help cover medicated areas to protect them and prevent the cream or ointment from rubbing off.
• Gloves: Always worn to protect hands and prevent spread of infection.
• Eye dropper bottles and eye bath cups: Used for precise delivery of eye drops or washouts, which maintains the correct dose.

Inhalation Medication

This route delivers medicine as a mist, powder, or gas directly to the lungs.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs)
• Spacer devices (valved holding chambers)
• Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)
• Nebulisers and masks
• Mouthpieces
• Peak flow meters

Purpose and Function

• Inhalers (pMDIs and DPIs): Devices that deliver measured doses to the lungs. pMDIs use a propellant, while DPIs use the user’s breath.
• Spacer devices: Used with pMDIs. Help more medicine reach the lungs rather than stay in the mouth or throat. Spacer devices are essential for young children and people with limited coordination.
• Nebulisers and masks: Convert liquid medication into a fine mist that is inhaled through a mask or mouthpiece. Used for severe conditions or where normal inhalers cannot be used.
• Peak flow meters: Not used for administering medication, but essential for measuring lung capacity before and after inhalation. This helps check response to treatment.

Injectable Medication

Injection introduces medicine directly into tissues or bloodstream through needles and syringes.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Sterile single-use syringes
• Needles (different gauge and lengths)
• Alcohol wipes
• Sharps bins
• Vials and ampoules
• Drawing-up needles
• Tourniquets
• Cotton wool swabs and plasters
• Anaphylaxis kits (emergency)

Purpose and Function

• Syringes and needles: Used for drawing and delivering a precise amount of medication. Needle size depends on route (intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous).
• Alcohol wipes: Used to clean the skin before injection. This helps reduce infection risk.
• Sharps bins: Rigid, clearly labelled disposal units. Used for used needles and other sharp items. Prevents needlestick injuries.
• Vials and ampoules: Hold medication in a sterile state until needed.
• Drawing-up needles: Help draw medication out of thick or sealed containers before swapping for a finer needle for injection.
• Tourniquets: Applied to upper arm during intravenous injections to help locate veins.
• Cotton wool swabs and plasters: Applied after needle withdrawal to stop bleeding and keep the site clean.
• Anaphylaxis kits: Contain emergency treatment for severe allergic reactions. Staff must have quick access if administering high-risk injectables.

Sublingual and Buccal Medication

These routes deliver medicine quickly through tissues in the mouth.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Sublingual tablets or sprays
• Buccal films or lozenges
• Non-metallic tweezers (for handling)
• Disposable gloves
• Medication pots

Purpose and Function

• Sublingual tablets or sprays: Placed under the tongue for quick absorption, often used for pain relief or heart problems.
• Buccal films or lozenges: Placed against the cheek or gum, slowly dissolving and releasing medicine.
• Non-metallic tweezers: Used to pick up tablets or films hygienically.
• Gloves: Prevent contact with saliva and reduce risk of introducing germs.
• Medication pots: Used to present a single dose to the individual.

Rectal and Vaginal Medication

These routes introduce medicine into the body through the rectum or vagina.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Suppositories and pessaries
• Applicators (for vaginals)
• Lubricating gel
• Disposable gloves
• Incontinence pads
• Bed protectors
• Disposable aprons
• Separate waste bags (clinical waste)

Purpose and Function

• Suppositories and pessaries: Medication designed for these routes; melts or dissolves with body heat.
• Applicators: Help place enemas or pessaries deeper into the correct cavity.
• Lubricating gel: Makes insertion easier and more comfortable, reduces tissue damage risk.
• Gloves: Protect staff and service user’s dignity and prevent cross-infection.
• Incontinence pads and bed protectors: Add extra comfort and protect bedding from leaks.
• Aprons: Protect clothing if there is possible contact with body fluids.
• Separate waste bags: Safe disposal of gloves, pads, and any soiled items.

Nasal Medication

This route delivers medication through the nose, often for allergies or localized nasal problems.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Nasal sprays
• Nose drops
• Nebulisers (sometimes used for nasal treatments)
• Non-metallic tweezers
• Gloves
• Tissues

Purpose and Function

• Nasal sprays and drops: Provide direct delivery to nasal tissues for fast absorption or local relief.
• Nebulisers: In rare cases, these deliver medication to nasal passages.
• Tweezers: Useful to remove blockages (such as old cotton).
• Gloves: Reduce risk of germ spread.
• Tissues: Used to catch excess medication or for gentle wiping after use.

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) and Nasogastric (NG) Tubes

These routes use a tube directly into the stomach or via the nose for people who cannot swallow.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Syringes for tube flushing
• Gravity feeding sets
• Medication cups
• Water for dilution
• pH test strips
• Gloves
• Enteral feeding pumps (electric or manual)
• Cleaning equipment for tubes

Purpose and Function

• Syringes for tube flushing: Used to deliver liquid medication and flush the tube with water before and after to prevent blockages.
• Gravity feeding sets: Delivers fluids or medication slowly into the stomach.
• Medication cups: Used for pre-measuring liquids.
• Water for dilution: Dilutes medication if needed for safe passage through the tube.
• pH test strips: Test stomach contents to make sure the tube is in the right place before giving medication.
• Gloves: Help with hygiene and infection prevention.
• Feeding pumps: Used for tightly controlled, timed delivery.
• Cleaning equipment for tubes: Reduces blockages and infection risk.

Transdermal Patches

Transdermal routes involve patches placed on the skin for slow, steady absorption.

Types of Materials and Equipment

• Transdermal patches (pre-packaged)
• Protective gloves
• Alcohol wipes
• Disposable aprons
• Waste disposal bags

Purpose and Function

• Transdermal patches: Provide steady, long-term medication delivery. Used often for pain control or hormone replacement.
• Protective gloves: Stop medication soaking into staff skin during placement or removal.
• Alcohol wipes: Clean the skin before applying a new patch.
• Aprons: Keep clothes clean by providing a barrier.
• Waste disposal: Old patches go in clinical waste to prevent harm to others.

Safety, Storage, and Record-Keeping

Safe medication handling involves effective storage, labelling, and record keeping.

Safety

• Check expiry dates
• Keep medication locked away when not in use
• Use single-use, sterile equipment when needed
• Follow infection prevention guidelines

Storage

• Medicines must be stored at correct temperatures
• Secure cabinets for controlled drugs
• Fridges with temperature logs for items needing cold storage

Record-Keeping

• Accurate records of administration prevent errors
• Staff should sign MAR (Medication Administration Record) sheets
• Report and record any incidents or refusals

Training and Supervision

All staff administering medication must be trained and supervised. Training covers:

• Correct use of equipment
• Infection prevention
• recognising and reporting errors
• Person-centred support, respecting choices and consent

Final Thoughts

Delivering medication safely needs organised, well-maintained materials and equipment. Each medication route has unique requirements. Staff must use equipment correctly, keep workspaces clean, and always follow current policy and guidance. Your role is to protect people’s health, offer dignity, and reduce risk every day.

Paying attention to the details of materials and equipment helps build trust and avoids mistakes. Always check medication, watch for signs of side effects, and involve service users as much as possible. Good practice keeps everyone safe and builds confidence in your care setting.