1.5 Explain what is meant by the term hypoglycaemia

This guide will help you answer 1.5 Explain what is meant by the term hypoglycaemia.

Hypoglycaemia, often referred to as a “hypo,” is a medical condition where blood glucose levels fall below the normal range. It is typically defined as a blood glucose level below 4 mmol/L. This condition is especially relevant for people with diabetes but can also affect others.

Causes of Hypoglycaemia

People with diabetes might experience hypoglycaemia due to:

• Taking too much insulin or other glucose-lowering medications
• Missing or delaying meals
• Consuming alcohol without eating
• Increasing physical activity without adjusting food intake

Others may experience hypoglycaemia from:

• Certain medical conditions like Addison’s disease
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Hormonal deficiencies

Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia

Symptoms can vary in intensity and may include:

• Trembling or shaking
• Sweating
• Confusion and difficulty concentrating
• Blurred vision
• Heart palpitations
• Irritability or mood changes
• Tingling lips

In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, unconsciousness, or even death if left untreated.

Immediate Treatment

Immediate intervention focuses on quickly raising blood glucose levels. This can be done by:

• Consuming 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates such as:
• Glucose tablets
• Sugary drinks like non-diet cola or lemonade
• Fruit juice
• Sweets like jelly babies

After 15 minutes, recheck blood glucose levels. If they are still low, consume another 15 grams of carbohydrates.

Long-term Management

Managing hypoglycaemia involves:

• Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels
• Adjusting medication with guidance from a healthcare provider
• Balanced diet and regular meals
• Being aware of individual triggers
• Educating friends and family on recognising and treating hypos

Risks of Frequent Hypoglycaemia

Frequent hypos can lead to hypoglycaemia unawareness. This is when the body no longer recognises the early warning symptoms, increasing the risk of severe events. Long-term effects include possible impacts on cardiovascular health and cognitive function.

Hypoglycaemia in Non-Diabetics

Though less common, hypoglycaemia can occur in non-diabetics. Possible scenarios include:

• Reactive hypoglycaemia: Blood sugar falls after eating.
• Fasting hypoglycaemia: Blood sugar drops when not eating for an extended period.

Conditions like insulinoma, a rare insulin-producing tumour, might also cause low blood sugar.

Preventing Hypoglycaemia

For those at risk, prevention strategies include:

• Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly
• Eating balanced meals with appropriate carbohydrate content
• Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
• Planning exercise and meals to prevent lows
• Keeping a hypo kit (sugar source) handy

How Healthcare Workers Can Help

Healthcare workers play a key role in:

• Educating patients on recognising and managing symptoms
• Advising on medication and lifestyle adjustments
• Providing psychological support to reduce anxiety around hypos
• Ensuring a collaborative approach to care involving doctors, nurses, and dietitians

Summary of Key Points

• Hypoglycaemia means low blood sugar levels.
• Common in people with diabetes but not exclusive to them.
• Symptoms include trembling, sweating, confusion, and irritability.
• Quick treatment involves ingesting fast-acting carbohydrates.
• Regular monitoring and a balanced lifestyle help prevent it.
• Healthcare workers are essential in providing education and support.

By managing hypoglycaemia effectively, individuals can ensure a safer and healthier lifestyle, reducing the risks associated with low blood sugar events.