2.2 Describe key features of Type 2 diabetes

This guide will help you answer 2.2 Describe key features of Type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition impacting the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose). Unlike Type 1 diabetes, where the body doesn’t produce insulin, in Type 2 diabetes, the body doesn’t use insulin properly. This can lead to elevated blood sugar levels, which may cause serious health issues over time. Understanding the key features of this condition is essential for effective management and care.

Insulin Resistance

A primary feature of Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance. This means the body’s cells don’t respond efficiently to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar. To compensate, the pancreas produces more insulin. Over time, the pancreas can’t keep up, leading to increased blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance often develops because of a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as obesity and lack of exercise.

Symptoms

Type 2 diabetes can develop slowly, and symptoms might not be obvious initially. Common symptoms include:

• Increased thirst: High sugar levels cause the body to pull fluids from tissues, leading to dehydration.
• Frequent urination: As the kidneys work overtime to remove excess glucose.
• Hunger: Despite eating, the body doesn’t get enough energy from food, leading to increased hunger.
• Fatigue: Lack of sugar entering cells results in tiredness.
• Blurred vision: High blood sugar levels can lead to swollen lenses in the eyes.
• Slow healing wounds and infections: High glucose levels affect circulation and healing.

Risk Factors

Certain elements increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes:

• Obesity: Excess fat, especially around the abdomen, increases insulin resistance.
• Age: Risk increases as you get older, especially after 45.
• Family history: Having a parent or sibling with Type 2 diabetes increases your risk.
• Sedentary lifestyle: Physical inactivity contributes to weight gain and insulin resistance.
• Ethnicity: Some ethnic backgrounds, such as South Asian, African-Caribbean, and Black African, have a higher risk.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis usually involves:

• Blood tests: Such as the fasting glucose test and HbA1c test, which measure blood sugar levels over time.
• Oral glucose tolerance test: Sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis.

Early detection through routine screening can help manage the condition effectively and prevent complications.

Treatment and Management

Managing Type 2 diabetes focuses on maintaining normal blood sugar levels. This typically involves:

• Diet: A balanced diet low in saturated fats and sugars and rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity helps lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
• Medication: Tablets such as Metformin help reduce blood sugar levels. Some people may eventually need insulin injections.
• Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels using home glucose meters.
• Education: Understanding the condition through education programmes helps individuals manage their diabetes more effectively.

Complications

If not managed, Type 2 diabetes can lead to several complications:

• Cardiovascular disease: Increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• Nerve damage (neuropathy): Excess sugar can injure the walls of tiny blood vessels that nourish the nerves.
• Kidney damage (nephropathy): May lead to kidney failure.
• Eye damage (retinopathy): Can result in blindness.
• Foot problems: Reduced blood flow can lead to foot sores and infections.

These complications underscore the necessity of effective management and regular check-ups.

Prevention

Preventative measures focus largely on lifestyle changes:

• Healthy eating: Emphasise vegetables, fruits, lean proteins, and whole grains.
• Regular physical activity: At least 150 minutes per week of moderate aerobic activity.
• Weight management: Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers the risk of diabetes.

Psychological Impact

Living with Type 2 diabetes can affect mental health. Stress and anxiety about managing the condition and its complications are common. Support from health professionals, peer groups, and counselling services plays an important role in helping individuals cope.

Support Systems

Having a robust support system is beneficial. This includes:

• Healthcare professionals: Regular consultations with doctors, dietitians, and diabetes educators.
• Peer support groups: Meeting others with diabetes can provide encouragement and share coping strategies.
• Family and friends: Their support can assist in lifestyle changes and provide emotional backing.

Advances in Treatment

Research and technology continue to innovate diabetes treatment:

• Continuous glucose monitors: Devices that provide real-time blood sugar readings.
• Artificial pancreas systems: These systems automate insulin delivery based on glucose levels.

Such advancements improve the quality of life by simplifying management and providing better glucose control.

Final Thoughts

Type 2 diabetes is a complex condition requiring diligent management. By recognising its features, individuals can make informed decisions about their health. Effective management encompasses lifestyle alterations, medication, education, and regular monitoring. Supporting mental health, understanding the potential complications, and utilising advancements in treatment are all integral to dealing with this condition. By embracing a proactive approach, those with Type 2 diabetes can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.