2.2 Explain characteristics that are associated with autism spectrum condition

This guide will help you answer 2.2 Explain characteristics that are associated with autism spectrum condition.

Autism spectrum condition, often referred to simply as autism, is a lifelong developmental difference. It influences how a person relates to their environment and other people. The “spectrum” part means that the experiences and needs of people with autism can differ a lot from one person to the next.

This guide covers the characteristics that can be linked with autism. Understanding these characteristics can help you give better support to individuals who have autism.

Communication Differences

Many people with autism experience differences in communication. These may be obvious or subtle.

Verbal Communication

Some people with autism do not develop spoken language at all. Others may have delays or differences in speech.

• Some use few words or short phrases
• Others may use lots of speech, but struggle with conversations
• Tone of voice may sound unusual, for example, monotone or very loud

Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal skills are often affected, too.

• Difficulty making eye contact or using facial expressions
• Body language may be hard to read or use in typical ways
• Gestures, such as waving, might not come naturally

Understanding Language

Processing spoken language can take longer for some people.

• Literal understanding — sarcasm, jokes, idioms and metaphors can be confusing
• Instructions may need to be short, direct, and repeated

Social Interaction

Social interaction means how we build relationships and connect with others. Individuals with autism often find this area more challenging.

Social Awareness

• Difficulty understanding social cues, like body language or facial expressions
• Not always knowing how to join in or start conversations
• May not know when someone is joking or being serious

Social Motivation

• Less interest in socialising or making friends, though some people want friendships deeply
• May find social settings tiring, overwhelming or confusing

Social Imagination

• Difficulty predicting what others are thinking or feeling
• Finding it hard to see things from another person’s point of view

Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours

Many people with autism show patterns of repeated behaviours or have strong interests in certain topics.

Repetitive Movements

These can include:

• Hand-flapping
• Rocking back and forth
• Spinning objects, or spinning themselves

Such movements are sometimes called “stimming” (self-stimulatory behaviour). Stimming can help manage anxiety or sensory overload.

Routines and Rituals

• Wanting things to happen in the same way, every day
• Becoming very upset if routines are changed
• Lining toys up, arranging objects, or following set patterns

Narrow Interests

• Strong focus on specific topics or hobbies, sometimes to the exclusion of other activities
• Interest areas may include trains, numbers, weather, science, or TV shows

Individuals often become very knowledgeable about their interests. Talking about these interests may be preferred to other topics of conversation.

Sensory Differences

Sensory differences are a key aspect for many people with autism. This means the senses — taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing — can be more or less sensitive compared to others.

Over-Sensitivity

Some people experience intense reactions to:

• Loud noises, such as alarms or busy places
• Bright lights or certain visual patterns
• Strong smells or tastes
• Some types of touch, such as labels on clothing or brushed hair

Under-Sensitivity

Others may have reduced sensitivity, such as:

• Not noticing pain or temperatures easily
• Seeking strong sensations, like jumping or squeezing objects

Both over- and under-sensitivity can be present in the same person, or even in the same day.

Cognitive Differences

This area covers how someone thinks and processes information.

Attention to Detail

• Noticing details others might miss, such as small changes in the environment or errors in text
• May be very thorough and precise when following instructions or carrying out tasks

Flexible Thinking

• Can find it hard to adapt to changes or new routines
• Prefers predictable patterns and events

Problem Solving

• May approach problems in unique ways
• Sometimes needs support to plan tasks, organise activities, or move from one task to another

Emotional Regulation

People with autism may experience emotions differently.

• Struggle to identify, express or manage emotions (this is sometimes called “alexithymia”)
• Outbursts, meltdowns, or shutdowns can happen if overwhelmed
• May find it hard to recognise or talk about feelings

Some use routines, stimming, or time alone to help manage emotions.

Learning Styles

Everyone learns in their own way, but some patterns are common in autism.

• Preference for visual aids, pictures, or written instructions over spoken words
• Need for clear, step-by-step information
• May take longer to process complex ideas but remember visual or factual details well

Some people develop strong skills in specific areas, such as maths, art, or music.

Strengths Associated with Autism

Autism is not just about difficulties. Many people have strengths linked to the condition.

• Excellent memory for facts or dates
• Deep concentration on areas of interest
• Honest communication — saying what they mean, with less hidden meaning
• Attention to detail and willingness to repeat tasks until perfect

Many workplaces and communities benefit from the unique perspectives and skills people with autism bring.

Co-Existing Conditions

Some people with autism have other conditions at the same time. These might include:

• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues
• Learning difficulties, like dyslexia or dyspraxia
• Physical conditions, such as epilepsy or digestive problems

It is important to remember that every person is different. Not everyone will have these co-existing conditions, and those who do may need extra support.

Gender Differences

Autism can look different in girls and women.

• Girls may be less likely to be diagnosed, or diagnosed later
• They can be better at copying others’ behaviour (sometimes called “masking”)
• Special interests may fit in more with what other girls do, so go unnoticed

This means girls may need support that takes into account how their autism shows.

Age and Autism

Autism is lifelong, but characteristics may change over time.

• Children may show clear differences in play, speech, or routines
• Teenagers often face new social and sensory challenges at school
• Adults might struggle with work, relationships, or independent living

With support and understanding, people with autism can develop new skills and manage different environments as they grow older.

Cultural Factors

Perceptions and expectations about autism can vary between cultures.

• Some cultures may not recognise autism, or may see certain behaviours differently
• Language barriers and access to services can affect diagnosis and support

Being aware of these differences helps treat each person respectfully, considering their individual and cultural background.

Final Thoughts

Supporting people with autism begins with recognising the characteristics linked to the condition. Not everyone will experience all these features, and the impact can be mild or significant. Each person’s preferences, needs and strengths are unique. By seeing the world from their point of view and giving them the right support, you can help them succeed at home, at work or in the community.

Patience, respect and ongoing learning are key. Learning about different communication styles, sensory needs, and ways of coping with change helps you work more effectively. Reflect on each person’s experiences, value their strengths, and adapt your approach when needed. Your role makes a real difference to each individual’s life and wellbeing.