2.3 Explain how a service-focused approach to risk assessment would differ from a person-centred approach

This guide will help you answer 2.3 Explain how a service-focused approach to risk assessment would differ from a person-centred approach.

Risk assessment is essential in care settings. It ensures individuals’ safety while promoting independence. Two main approaches to risk assessment are the service-focused approach and the person-centred approach. These differ significantly in philosophy, goals, and implementation.

What is a Service-Focused Approach?

A service-focused approach prioritises organisational needs over individual preferences. It is designed to manage and reduce risks that could impact the service as a whole, including staff, equipment, and the broader operation.

Key characteristics of this approach include:

• Following policies and procedures strictly.
• A focus on standardised practices for all individuals.
• Limiting risks to avoid liability or complaints.

For example, policies might dictate that individuals are not allowed to make independent choices that could create potential hazards, such as cooking alone or trying new activities without supervision. While this increases safety for the service, it can restrict personal freedoms.

What is a Person-Centred Approach?

A person-centred approach places the individual’s needs, preferences, and rights at the forefront. It treats every person as unique and recognises their capacity to make informed decisions about their own life, even if those decisions involve certain risks.

Key characteristics of this approach include:

• Collaborating with the individual to assess risks.
• Balancing safety with promoting independence and quality of life.
• Viewing risk-taking as a positive way to support personal growth and autonomy.

In this approach, risks are not seen as something to eliminate but rather as something to manage in partnership with the individual. For example, a person with mobility challenges may wish to go outside independently. A person-centred approach would explore ways to mitigate risks (e.g., using a mobility aid or arranging check-ins) rather than forbidding the activity entirely.

Differences in Focus

The key difference between the two approaches lies in what each prioritises. A service-focused approach prioritises safeguarding the service, while a person-centred approach prioritises the individual’s rights and choices. These different focuses have wide-ranging implications.

Cultural Implications

A service-focused approach often reflects a risk-averse culture. Organisations that rely on this model may prioritise avoiding accidents, complaints, or legal liability over promoting autonomy.

In contrast, a person-centred approach reflects a culture where individuals are encouraged to have control over their own lives. It acknowledges that some level of risk is normal in day-to-day living and allows individuals to develop skills, confidence, and independence.

Decision-Making Processes

In a service-focused approach, risk assessments are typically completed by professionals working within standard organisational frameworks. The individual may not be involved in the decision-making process. This can leave people feeling disempowered.

In a person-centred approach, decisions are made collaboratively. The individual’s preferences, strengths, and understanding of risks are actively considered. This inclusive approach fosters trust and respect between care providers and individuals.

Differences in Practical Impact

The choice between these approaches affects how care is delivered. It influences the day-to-day experiences, opportunities, and satisfaction levels of those receiving support.

Restrictiveness vs Empowerment

A service-focused approach can result in blanket rules or restrictions for all. For example, an organisation might enforce a policy that bans residents from using certain appliances due to fire hazards. While such measures keep the organisation safe, they limit personal freedom.

A person-centred approach seeks alternatives that permit people to engage in activities they value while managing risks effectively. For example, someone could use an appliance under supervision or receive training to use it safely.

Quality of Life

Service-focused approaches may inadvertently erode quality of life by stifling choice and independence. For instance, a person may be prevented from engaging in activities they enjoy because the organisation deems these too risky.

A person-centred approach supports enriching experiences. Individuals are empowered to pursue hobbies, relationships, or lifestyles that bring meaning – even if their choices involve certain calculated risks.

Flexibility vs Rigidity

Service-focused risk assessments often apply one-size-fits-all solutions. This rigidity can fail to meet individual needs. For example, a care home may impose a strict bedtime rule to simplify routines, disregarding individuals’ preferences.

A person-centred approach, on the other hand, is flexible to the needs and desires of each person. Someone who prefers staying up late would be supported to do so, provided the risks are responsibly managed.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

The care sector must comply with UK legislation, such as the Health and Social Care Act 2008, the Care Act 2014, and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. These laws emphasise respecting individuals’ rights, including their right to make decisions and take risks, even where those decisions might involve harm. A person-centred approach aligns more closely with these legal and ethical frameworks.

By contrast, a service-focused approach might prioritise risk elimination, potentially breaching an individual’s right to autonomy. For example, refusing someone the ability to engage in a chosen activity without exploring mitigating measures would disregard their legal rights under the Care Act.

When to Use Each Approach

There may be scenarios where elements of both approaches are needed.

Examples Where a Service-Focused Approach May Be Appropriate

• During a health emergency, where immediate safety takes precedence.
• When risks present a direct and significant danger to others.

Examples Where a Person-Centred Approach is Best

• Supporting someone in living as independently as possible.
• Helping people make informed decisions about their risks and responsibilities.

It is worth noting that while service-focused approaches may be necessary in specific cases, best practices in modern care settings lean heavily towards person-centred methodologies. This shift aligns with promoting dignity, respect, and empowerment for every individual.

Balancing Both Approaches

In practice, striking a balance between these approaches is often necessary. Using a person-centred mindset while acknowledging organisational responsibilities creates a solution-focused way of working.

For example:

• You could work with someone to create a personalised care plan that addresses their wishes while considering safety.
• Where a risk is too great, additional measures (such as alarms, support from staff, or training) can be introduced.

Using a balanced approach reduces conflict, supports legal and ethical standards, and ensures individuals feel valued.

Final Thoughts

In care practice, the decision to adopt either a service-focused or person-centred approach significantly shapes outcomes. A service-focused approach places the organisation and its requirements at the centre. While this may appear safer, it often diminishes personal choice and quality of life.

A person-centred approach, by contrast, puts the individual first. It considers their goals, preferences, and capacity to make decisions. Although risks are present, this approach values shared decision-making and independence.

In most scenarios, a person-centred approach aligns better with the principles of dignity, respect, and empowerment. Supporting individuals to take managed risks benefits both their wellbeing and their sense of control over their own lives. As a care professional, focusing on these principles will help create a supportive and enriching environment for those in your care.