1.1 Describe the physiological disorders associated with ageing

This guide will help you answer 1.1 Describe the physiological disorders associated with ageing.

As we age, our bodies undergo numerous changes. These changes can lead to various physiological disorders, significantly impacting an individual’s health and well-being. Being aware of these disorders helps care workers provide better support to older adults.

What is the Ageing Process?

Ageing is a natural process that affects every individual. It involves gradual changes in the body’s structure and function. These changes can make older adults more susceptible to certain disorders and health conditions.

Common Physiological Changes

As people get older, their bodies experience several physiological changes:

• Decreased bone density: Bones lose minerals, becoming less dense and more fragile. This increases the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.
• Reduced muscle mass: Muscle fibres shrink, and strength decreases, affecting mobility and balance.
• Slower metabolism: Metabolic rate decreases, which can lead to weight gain and changes in nutritional needs.
• Diminished heart function: The heart becomes less efficient at pumping blood, sometimes leading to cardiovascular issues.
• Altered hormone production: Hormonal changes can contribute to various health issues, including diabetes and thyroid disorders.

Bone and Joint Disorders

Bones and joints face significant challenges during ageing. Some of the common disorders include:

• Osteoporosis: A condition characterised by weak, brittle bones. It results from the loss of bone density. Women, especially post-menopausal women, are at higher risk. Regular weight-bearing exercise and calcium-rich diets can help manage this condition.
• Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints causing pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis, the most common type, occurs due to wear and tear of joint cartilage. Rheumatoid arthritis is another form, which is an autoimmune condition. Both can affect mobility and quality of life.

Muscular Disorders

Muscles also undergo changes as individuals age:

• Sarcopenia: Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. This can lead to decreased mobility and increased fall risk. Regular physical activity and strength training can help mitigate these effects.

Cardiovascular Disorders

The heart and blood vessels don’t function as well as they once did. Common disorders include:

• Hypertension: High blood pressure, which can lead to serious conditions like heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a healthy diet, play an important role in managing hypertension.
• Atherosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of arteries, which can restrict blood flow and contribute to heart attacks and strokes. It results from the build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries over time.

Respiratory Disorders

The respiratory system also faces changes, leading to disorders such as:

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A group of lung conditions, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that cause breathing difficulties. Smoking is a major risk factor. Symptoms include persistent cough and shortness of breath.
• Decreased lung capacity: Lungs lose their elasticity, which can reduce the ability to inhale and exhale effectively. This feels particularly noticeable during physical activity.

Endocrine Disorders

Hormone production and regulation change as people age. Common endocrine disorders include:

• Diabetes: A condition where the body cannot regulate blood sugar levels properly. It mainly affects older adults. Symptoms include excessive thirst, fatigue, and blurred vision. It requires careful management of diet and medication.
• Thyroid Disorders: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) slows down metabolism, causing fatigue, weight gain, and depression. Regular testing can help detect and manage this condition.

Neurological Disorders

The brain and nervous system also show signs of ageing:

• Dementia: A general term for symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form. Dementia can actually impact daily life and requires comprehensive care and support.
• Parkinson’s Disease: A disorder affecting movement and coordination. It results from the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. Symptoms include tremors, stiffness, and balance problems.

Digestive Disorders

Digestive system changes can lead to disorders like:

• Constipation: Common in older adults due to decreased intestinal movement, lack of hydration, and dietary changes. Including fibre-rich foods and staying hydrated are simple ways to improve this condition.
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Stomach acid frequently flows back into the oesophagus, causing discomfort. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding spicy foods and eating smaller meals, can help manage GERD.

Urinary Disorders

The urinary system undergoes changes too, resulting in disorders such as:

• Urinary Incontinence: Loss of bladder control, leading to accidental leakage. It affects many older adults and can result from weakened pelvic muscles or nerve damage.
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): An enlarged prostate gland in older men, causing difficulty in urination. Medical treatment can help alleviate symptoms.

Sensory Disorders

Ageing affects sensory perception too:

• Vision Impairment: Conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration decrease vision clarity. Regular eye check-ups are essential for diagnosis and management.
• Hearing Loss: Often a result of damaged internal ear structures. It ranges from mild to severe and can impact communication. Hearing aids and communication strategies can assist those affected.

Immune System Disorders

The immune system weakens with age, making older adults more susceptible to infections and diseases:

• Increased Infection Risk: Ageing reduces the efficiency of the immune response, increasing the likelihood of infections like pneumonia and flu.

Maintaining Health and Well-being in Older Adults

Many age-related disorders are manageable with lifestyle adjustments, medication, and supportive care:

• Nutrition: A healthy, balanced diet supports overall well-being and helps manage health conditions.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity maintains muscle strength, bone density, and cardiovascular health.
• Regular Health Check-ups: Early detection and management of disorders improve outcomes and quality of life.
• Social Engagement: Maintaining social connections supports mental and emotional health.

Caring for Ageing Adults

Knowing the physiological disorders associated with ageing enables you to provide better care:

• Observe and report any changes in health or behaviour to healthcare professionals.
• Encourage and support lifestyle changes to manage or prevent disorders.
• Provide emotional and social support to enhance the quality of life for older adults.
• Work closely with healthcare providers to develop and implement care plans.

Final Thoughts

The physiological disorders associated with ageing are varied and complex. Understanding these conditions helps care workers provide compassionate and effective support. By working closely with older adults and healthcare professionals, you can make a significant difference in their lives, promoting health and happiness during the ageing process.