5.2 Describe signs, symptoms and treatments of common childhood illnesses and allergies in children

This guide will help you answer 5.2 Describe signs, symptoms and treatments of common childhood illnesses and allergies in children.

Young children are vulnerable to a variety of illnesses and allergic reactions. Recognising the signs and symptoms early can prevent conditions from worsening. Prompt treatments can support recovery or reduce discomfort. In this guide, we will explore some common childhood illnesses and allergies, their signs, symptoms, and treatment options.

Common Childhood Illnesses

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It spreads easily through coughing, sneezing, or direct contact with the fluid from blisters.

Signs and Symptoms:

• A red, itchy rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters.
• Blisters can appear on the face, chest, back, and limbs. They may spread across the entire body.
• Fever.
• Tiredness or lack of energy.
• Loss of appetite.

Treatment:

• Allow the child to rest and keep them hydrated.
• Use calamine lotion or antihistamines to relieve itching.
• Paracetamol (not aspirin) can reduce fever. Aspirin is unsafe for children and can cause a serious condition called Reye’s syndrome.
• Keep the child’s nails short to prevent scratching and infection of the blisters.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by viruses such as Coxsackievirus. It spreads through saliva, nasal secretions, or contact with contaminated surfaces.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Fever.
• Mouth sores or ulcers that can make eating painful.
• A rash on the hands, feet, and sometimes buttocks or legs.
• Sore throat.

Treatment:

• Keep the child hydrated with cool, soft foods and drinks to soothe the throat.
• Pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen can help ease symptoms.
• Maintain good hygiene to prevent spreading, such as washing hands frequently and cleaning surfaces.

Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever is caused by bacteria (group A streptococcus). It often follows a throat infection.

Signs and Symptoms:

• A sore throat.
• A red rash that feels rough, like sandpaper.
• Fever.
• A flushed face with pale skin around the mouth.
• A strawberry-like appearance of the tongue.

Treatment:

• Antibiotics are required to treat the infection.
• Keep the child comfortable by offering fluids and rest.
• Use paracetamol or ibuprofen for fever and sore throat pain.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, caused by bacteria or viruses.

Signs and Symptoms:

• A sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
• Red and swollen tonsils, sometimes with white spots or pus.
• Fever.
• Bad breath.
• Tiredness.

Treatment:

• If bacterial, antibiotics can help.
• Encourage fluids and rest.
• Pain relief such as paracetamol or ibuprofen can help with discomfort.

Ear Infections

Ear infections occur when bacteria or viruses cause swelling in the middle ear. They are very common in young children.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Ear pain or pulling at the ear.
• Difficulty hearing.
• Fluid draining from the ear.
• Fever.
• Difficulty sleeping or increased irritability.

Treatment:

• Mild infections may resolve without treatment.
• Pain relievers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen can ease discomfort.
• For bacterial infections, a GP may prescribe antibiotics.

Allergies in Children

Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to harmless substances such as food, pollen, or dust mites. These are called allergens. Common types of allergies in children include environmental allergies, food allergies, and insect sting allergies.

Environmental Allergies (e.g., Hay Fever or Dust Mite Allergy)

Signs and Symptoms:

• Sneezing.
• Itchy, red, or watery eyes.
• Runny nose or nasal congestion.
• Itching in the throat or ears.

Treatment:

• Antihistamines can reduce allergic reactions.
• Nasal sprays or eye drops may be prescribed for severe symptoms.
• Encourage parents to minimise exposure by keeping windows closed, using allergen-proof bedding, or vacuuming carpets regularly.

Food Allergies (e.g., Nuts, Eggs, Dairy)

Food allergies are common in children, with reactions varying from mild to severe.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Itching or swelling around the mouth.
• Hives or a rash.
• Stomach pain, vomiting, or diarrhoea.
• In severe cases, a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis may occur. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing, and dizziness.

Treatment:

• Mild reactions can be managed with antihistamines.
• For anaphylaxis, an adrenaline auto-injector (like an EpiPen) must be used immediately. Call 999 for emergency help.
• Families should identify and avoid trigger foods. Schools and childcare settings should have an allergy management plan in place.

Insect Sting Allergies

An insect sting may cause a reaction in allergic children.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Localised swelling, redness, or pain at the sting site.
• In severe cases or with an allergic reaction, symptoms may include difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat or lips, or anaphylaxis.

Treatment:

• For mild cases, clean the sting site and apply a cold compress.
• Antihistamines can help lower the reaction.
• In severe cases, use an adrenaline auto-injector and seek emergency medical attention immediately.

Managing Allergies in Childcare Settings

Allergies require careful management in early years settings. Create a care plan with parents to outline the allergen, symptoms to watch out for, and instructions for treatment. Keep prescribed medications, such as antihistamines or adrenaline auto-injectors, accessible. All staff should be trained to respond quickly to allergic reactions.

Preventative steps include:

• Avoiding exposure to allergens (e.g., no nuts in packed lunches).
• Cleaning toys and shared surfaces to reduce allergen build-up.
• Clearly labelling areas or meals to avoid accidental exposure.

Recognising Serious Symptoms

Certain symptoms should never be ignored, as they can be signs of a more serious condition:

• Difficulty breathing, wheezing, or gasping.
• Persistent high fever unresponsive to medication.
• Seizures or fits (convulsions).
• Changes in consciousness, such as fainting or confusion.

If these symptoms occur, seek medical help urgently by dialling 999.

Takeaway Points

Understanding the signs, symptoms, and treatments of illnesses and allergies allows childcare workers to respond appropriately. This promotes recovery, reduces discomfort, and ensures safety in severe situations. Good hygiene, allergy management plans, and open communication with families are all helpful steps to protect children’s health.