4.1. Analyse person-centred approaches in relation to an individual with dementia

This guide will help you answer 4.1. Analyse person-centred approaches in relation to an individual with dementia.

Person-centred care focuses on treating each individual as unique, rather than simply addressing their medical condition. For individuals with dementia, this approach prioritises understanding their needs, preferences, and values.

Dementia can cause memory loss, confusion, and difficulty communicating, which makes person-centred care even more meaningful. It ensures care is tailored to the individual’s life history and personality while respecting their dignity.

Dementia and Its Impact

Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe symptoms caused by conditions affecting the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease. People with dementia often experience changes in:

• Memory
• Thinking and reasoning
• Communication
• Emotions
• Physical abilities

These changes can lead to frustration, anxiety, or withdrawal if their care needs are unmet. A person-centred approach takes these challenges into account, helping individuals feel supported and valued.

Person-Centred Principles in Dementia Care

Person-centred care is guided by principles such as respect, empathy, and individuality. In dementia care, this means looking beyond the diagnosis. Carers focus on understanding the person’s:

• Life history
• Preferences and values
• Strengths and abilities
• Views and feelings

These principles aim to foster trust and build relationships while reducing feelings of isolation. They promote care based on who the person is, not solely what their condition involves.

Knowing the Individual

A key part of person-centred dementia care is learning about the individual as a whole. This involves exploring their:

• Hobbies: Knowing what activities bring joy and comfort.
• Career: Understanding what they did professionally and how it shaped their identity.
• Cultural background: Respecting traditions, food preferences, language, and holidays.
• Relationships: Being mindful of their connections to friends and family.
• Major life events: Connecting with their past achievements, struggles, and milestones.

For example, if an individual used to enjoy gardening, incorporating this into their care could provide them with purpose and familiarity.

Encouraging Communication

Dementia can make it harder for individuals to express their thoughts or understand others. A person-centred approach encourages effective communication with techniques such as:

• Using simple, clear language
• Allowing extra time for responses
• Speaking softly and calmly to avoid distress
• Observing body language for cues about preferences or emotions

Carers may also ask family members about how the person prefers to communicate. For example, recognising whether they respond better to visual aids or verbal communication can make interactions smoother.

Creating a Safe and Familiar Environment

Familiarity is crucial for individuals with dementia. A person-centred approach ensures their environment mirrors their personal preferences. Comfort and safety are prioritised without stripping away individuality.

Ways to personalise an environment include:

• Decorating with meaningful photos and keepsakes
• Playing favourite music
• Ensuring consistent routines to build a sense of predictability
• Providing preferred foods and drinks

This approach reduces confusion and helps individuals feel more connected to their surroundings. For example, someone who enjoyed tea every afternoon might feel reassured if this ritual is maintained.

Supporting Independence

Person-centred care recognises that people with dementia can still maintain some independence. Tasks are adjusted to their ability while ensuring a sense of purpose. Examples include:

• Letting individuals dress themselves, with guidance if needed
• Providing tools or adapted utensils for eating
• Asking them for input when making decisions about daily routines

Supportive care respects their autonomy. Breaking tasks into smaller steps and giving gentle prompts can prevent frustration for someone who may struggle with complex activities.

Building Relationships

Strong relationships form the foundation of person-centred care. Spending time listening, talking, and sharing activities promotes trust and engagement. Care workers and family members build rapport by:

• Showing patience during moments of confusion
• Offering emotional reassurance when the individual displays anxiety
• Taking an interest in their thoughts and feelings

For example, reminiscing with the person about past holidays can strengthen bonds and encourage positive emotions. A warm, understanding relationship contributes to their overall wellbeing.

Recognising Behaviour as Communication

Dementia often affects behaviour, as individuals may struggle to express their needs verbally. A person-centred approach views behaviour as a form of communication and responds appropriately.

For example:

• Aggression might signal pain, discomfort, or fear.
• Restlessness could reflect boredom or a need for movement.
• Withdrawal might indicate emotional distress or fatigue.

By identifying the root cause of behaviour, carers can address concerns without judgement. Speaking with family members or recording patterns can help uncover triggers.

Responding to Emotional Needs

Individuals with dementia may experience emotions such as fear, frustration, or sadness. Person-centred care supports their emotional wellbeing by acknowledging and addressing these feelings.

Carers prioritise reassurance through:

• Offering a calm presence
• Listening to their concerns without dismissal
• Encouraging activities that lift their mood, like listening to music or painting

Providing empathy and acceptance shows individuals that their feelings are valid. Emotional support helps reduce anxiety and creates a sense of security.

Promoting Activities and Social Interaction

Engaging individuals with dementia in meaningful activities supports their physical and mental health. A person-centred approach focuses on tailoring activities to their interests and abilities.

Examples include:

• Group programs like singing, dancing, or exercise classes
• Arts and crafts for creative expression
• Puzzles for mental stimulation
• Nature walks to boost mood

Social interactions during these activities reduce loneliness. For example, a weekly bingo game can be a chance for laughter and connection.

Using Reminiscence Therapy

Reminiscence therapy is a tool often used in person-centred dementia care. It involves encouraging individuals to revisit positive memories, which can provide comfort and joy.

Examples include:

• Looking through photo albums or scrapbooks
• Listening to music from their youth
• Talking about childhood stories or favourite holidays

This therapy builds confidence and reinforces their identity. It shows they are valued, respected, and remembered for who they are.

Respecting Preferences in Care Plans

Care plans should reflect the individual’s personal choices, rather than being strictly medical-focused. A person-centred approach ensures their wishes are respected.

Examples include:

• Showering in the afternoon if mornings leave them feeling tired
• Keeping pets nearby if animals bring comfort
• Eating meals in private if they dislike crowds

Care plans can adapt as needs change. Regular review meetings with family members help ensure plans remain consistent with their preferences.

Involving Families and Loved Ones

The role of families and loved ones is vital in person-centred dementia care. They often provide insight into the individual’s wishes, routines, and history.

Families can:

• Share details about hobbies, favourite foods, or triggers
• Visit regularly to offer emotional support
• Participate in activities, such as gardening or watching films

Open communication is important in working collaboratively. It ensures decisions align with the person’s values and gives families reassurance that their loved one is cared for thoughtfully.

Final Thoughts

Using a person-centred approach has numerous benefits for individuals with dementia. These include:

• Improving mood by reducing frustration or fear
• Increasing self-worth and dignity
• Encouraging engagement in activities
• Strengthening relationships between carers, families, and the individual
• Supporting physical health with routines and nutrition preferences

Ultimately, person-centred care leads to a happier, healthier experience for individuals living with dementia. It is one of the most effective ways to maximise their quality of life.