4.4. Explain how to report physiological measurements that may be a cause for concern

This guide will help you answer 4.4. Explain how to report physiological measurements that may be a cause for concern.

Physiological measurements provide critical information about a person’s health. These measurements include a person’s temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation levels, and more. While fluctuations in these measurements are common, certain readings may indicate a cause for concern and must be reported appropriately. Clear reporting helps ensure timely intervention and prevents escalation of health issues. Always seek professional medical advice when carrying out measurements and read the latest medical guidelines.

Why Accurate Reporting Matters

Accurate and clear reporting of concerning physiological measurements is a fundamental duty in health and social care. Poorly managed health concerns may lead to serious outcomes for the individual. By properly reporting abnormal findings, health workers support effective communication between the wider care team, ensuring prompt action. This exchange of information can help save lives.

Identifying Concerning Measurements

Before reporting, you must understand which physiological measurements signify potential health problems. Each measurement has a recognised normal range. Deviations from these ranges, especially sustained or severe ones, may signal an issue.

Common physiological measurements:

1. Temperature:
   Normal range: 36.1°C to 37.2°C for adults.
   Fever (high temperature) or hypothermia (low temperature) may need immediate attention.
2. Blood Pressure (BP):
   Normal range: Around 120/80 mmHg for adults.
   Hypertension (high BP, e.g., above 140/90) or hypotension (low BP, e.g., below 90/60) may indicate cardiovascular problems or other conditions.
3. Heart Rate (Pulse):
   Normal range: 60-100 beats per minute for adults.
   Tachycardia (too fast) or bradycardia (too slow) can be warning signs.
4. Respiratory Rate (Breaths per Minute):
   Normal range: 12-20 breaths per minute.
   Rates outside this range (e.g., laboured breathing or hyperventilation) may show respiratory issues or distress.
5. Oxygen Saturation (SpO2):
   Normal range: 95%-100%.
   Below 92% could suggest hypoxaemia—a lack of oxygen in the blood.
6. Blood Glucose Levels:
   Normal fasting range: 4.0-5.4 mmol/L for non-diabetics.
   Hypoglycaemia (low glucose) or hyperglycaemia (high glucose) may indicate diabetes-related complications.

In a health or care setting, know the individual’s baseline measurements. Some people may have values outside the normal range due to diagnosed chronic conditions—context is important.

Steps for Reporting Measurements

Once concerning measurements are identified, follow these steps to report them:

1. Document the Measurement

Always record physiological measurements accurately. Use the preferred tools provided by your employer, such as logbooks or electronic systems.

Include:

• The exact measurement (e.g., blood pressure of 150/95).
• Time and date of measurement.
• Any symptoms observed, such as chest pain, confusion, or shivering.
• Environmental factors, such as excessive cold or post-exercise state, if relevant. Double-check entries to avoid mistakes.

2. Communicate with a Senior or Supervisor

Report findings to the appropriate person. This is usually a senior staff member, such as a line manager or a nurse in charge. Follow organisational protocols about who to notify.

Example:
If you measure a pulse of 120 beats per minute and observe breathlessness, inform the nurse immediately. Say:
“This person’s heart rate is 120 bpm, and they are short of breath. Their baseline is normally 80 bpm. I measured them twice 10 minutes apart.”

3. Follow Organisational Procedures

Every health or care organisation has policies for reporting health concerns. These steps often include:

• Using specific forms or systems, such as incident reports or early warning scores (e.g., NEWS2).
• Escalating concerns to healthcare professionals, like doctors or paramedics, when necessary. Adhering to these procedures ensures the report flows to the right person promptly.

4. Report Urgently in an Emergency

If the measurement indicates a life-threatening condition, such as oxygen saturation falling below 85% or unresponsiveness, call emergency services immediately. Do not delay action while awaiting approval. Follow the organisation’s emergency protocol.

Communication Skills in Reporting

Good communication is key to effective reporting. When sharing concerns about physiological measurements, make your message clear, concise, and factual.

Examples of effective communication:

• State what you observed: “The individual’s temperature has risen to 39.1°C, and they are complaining of chills and body aches.”
• Avoid assumptions or personal interpretations: Use facts rather than opinions.
• Use clear language, free of medical jargon, so all colleagues understand.

Being approachable and empathetic can help those in your care feel reassured.

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

As a health and social care worker, you have a legal duty of care to report any physiological measurements of concern. Failing to act can have severe consequences for the individual, your employer, and yourself.

Key considerations:

• Follow the Care Quality Commission (CQC) standards.
• Refer to guidance under the Health and Social Care Act 2008.
• Protect the confidentiality of the individual when reporting. Only share information with authorised personnel on a need-to-know basis.

Mistakes, such as accidental omissions in reporting, should be disclosed promptly so they can be rectified.

Technology in Reporting

Modern technology, such as digital monitoring devices, makes reporting easier and more accurate. Many systems automatically detect abnormal values and alert the user. These systems streamline the process but aren’t a substitute for professional judgment. Always cross-check the information and report manually where needed.

Addressing Challenges in Reporting

You may face challenges like heavy workloads, staff shortages, or unclear symptoms. In these cases:

• Prioritise the individual’s safety. Take immediate steps to report critical measurements.
• Never delay reporting because you are busy.
• If unsure, always ask a senior for guidance.

Conclusion

Reporting physiological measurements of concern is a vital task in health and social care. By following organisational procedures, communicating effectively, and prioritising accuracy, you play an important role in safeguarding individuals’ health. Recognising abnormal measurements and taking timely action can make a meaningful difference in care outcomes. Always remain vigilant and proactive in reporting any concerns.