This guide will help you answer 8.1 Identify common childhood illnesses.
When working in early years settings, it’s essential to know about common childhood illnesses. This knowledge helps you identify symptoms early, provide appropriate care, and communicate effectively with parents and other healthcare providers. Let’s explore some of the most common illnesses you might encounter.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, is a highly contagious illness. It’s characterised by an itchy rash of red spots and blisters. These spots typically appear first on the face, scalp, chest, and back before spreading to other body parts. You may also notice:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness affecting children under the age of 10. It spreads through close personal contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated objects. Symptoms include:
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Painful red spots in the mouth, tongue, palms, and soles of the feet
- Loss of appetite
Measles
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It presents with a distinctive rash, high fever, and cough. Other symptoms include:
- Runny nose
- Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Koplik spots, which are tiny white spots inside the mouth
Mumps
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. These glands are located near the ears, and their swelling can cause puffy cheeks and a tender, swollen jaw. Other symptoms are:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
Rubella
Rubella, or German measles, is a mild viral infection with symptoms that include:
- Low-grade fever
- Rash that starts on the face and spreads to the body
- Swollen lymph nodes behind the ears and neck
- Mild cold-like symptoms such as a runny nose and sore throat
Whooping Cough
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a bacterial infection. It’s marked by severe coughing fits followed by a whooping sound when the person breathes in. It is highly contagious, especially dangerous for babies, and its symptoms include:
- Severe, prolonged coughing fits
- Vomiting after coughing
- Tiredness after coughing fits
- Mild fever
- Runny nose
Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever is an infectious disease caused by the same bacteria that leads to strep throat. It most commonly affects children aged 5 to 15 years. Symptoms include:
- Bright red rash that feels like sandpaper, starting on the face and neck before spreading
- High temperature (fever)
- Sore throat
- Swollen glands in the neck
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergens. It involves inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and lining the inside of the eyelids. Symptoms are:
- Red or pink eyes
- Itchy or burning eyes
- Watery discharge
- Crusty eyelashes, especially after sleep
Ear Infections
Young children often suffer from ear infections due to their smaller ear canals. The common signs include:
- Ear pain
- Trouble hearing
- Fluid drainage from the ear
- Irritability
- Difficulty sleeping
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis, also known as stomach flu, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It’s caused by various viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Symptoms include:
- Diarrhoea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal cramps
- Fever
- Dehydration
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
RSV is a common viral respiratory infection, especially in infants and young children. Symptoms resemble those of a cold and include:
- Runny nose
- Decreased appetite
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Fever
- Wheezing
Influenza
Influenza, or flu, is a viral respiratory illness with symptoms more severe than the common cold. These include:
- High fever
- Cough
- Sore throat
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Runny or stuffy nose
Croup
Croup usually affects young children. It causes swelling of the upper airways and a distinctive barking cough. Other symptoms are:
- Stridor (a harsh, vibrating noise when breathing)
- Hoarse voice
- Fever
- Difficulty breathing
Eczema
Though not an infectious illness, eczema is common in children. It’s a chronic skin condition that causes red, itchy, and swollen patches. Triggers include dry skin, allergens, and irritants.
Management and Prevention
Understanding these illnesses is key to effective management and prevention. Here are some best practices:
- Hand Hygiene: Encourage frequent handwashing with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
- Vaccinations: Ensure children are up-to-date with their vaccinations to prevent diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, and whooping cough.
- Isolation: Keep sick children at home to prevent the spread to others.
- Clean Environment: Regularly clean and disinfect toys, surfaces, and common areas.
- Education: Teach children about personal hygiene, such as covering their mouths when coughing or sneezing.
Communicating with Parents
When a child falls ill, effective communication with parents is crucial. Provide them with comprehensive information about their child’s symptoms and any necessary next steps. Offer advice on care, and when to seek further medical attention. Use empathy and understanding, as dealing with a sick child can be stressful for parents.
Conclusion
In your role as an Early Years Practitioner, being aware of common childhood illnesses enables you to take prompt action. You can provide better care, reduce the spread of infections, and support children’s overall health and wellbeing. Your vigilance and proactive measures make a significant difference in maintaining a healthy early years setting.
